“The global average temperature anomaly for January to November 2025 stands at 0.60C above the 1991–2020 average, or 1.48C above the 1850–1900 pre-industrial reference.”

2025 ranks as the joint-second hottest year on record. Coral bleaching affected 84% of world reefs, and fossil fuel companies were directly linked to hundreds of intensified heatwaves. The COP30 agreement excluded explicit language on ending fossil fuels, while plastic treaty negotiations collapsed for the second year. The bright spots: the UN High Seas Treaty cleared ratification thresholds, and green sea turtles recovered from endangered to “least concern” status.